World Jewish Congress President Ronald Lauder sparked a row recently by calling on State of israel to launch immediate peace negotiations with the Palestinians. The argument was perceived every bit criticism against Lauder's personal friend, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. Afterwards, Lauder reiterated his "unequivocal" support for Netanyahu and "policies that seek to create a lasting peace in the Heart Due east". Lauder's remarks made headlines and sparked both enthusiastic and angry responses not just considering of his important part, but as well – and mainly – because he is a very rich man.
Wall Street: Many Jews Forbes magazine estimates his wealth at $ii.7 billion. His family owns the Est̩e Lauder cosmetics behemothic, he is ane of the biggest art collectors in the world, and owns dozens of television channels and media outlets in the United States and worldwide, including 25% of State of israel'southward Channel 10 TV. He is a heavy donor to endless Jewish and Israeli organizations, bodies and officials Рincluding Netanyahu. Lauder is definitely not the only American Jew funneling money to Israel while influencing the land. Many Israeli adults used to receive a parcel from "the rich uncle in America" during their childhood. Thousands of organizations, including hospitals and universities, receive billions of shekels in donations from the US. A Hebrew University report found that they make up almost 2-tertiary of all donations in State of israel.
Each new immigrant receives assist from the Jewish Agency, whose budget is generally made upwardly of donations from the Us. Many of united states of america alive on lands the Jewish National Fund bought from Arabs past Jewish-American money. A haredi yeshiva pupil gets NIS one,000 ($295) a calendar month from the Israeli authorities, and another NIS 3,000 ($885) from haredi American donors. The online Jewish Encyclopedia says some five.6 million Jews live in the United States (not including half a 1000000 Israelis) – about 1.8% of the population. Most of them reside in rich cities: Miami, Los Angeles, Philadelphia and Boston, and mainly New York.
A study of the Pew Forum constitute from 2008 found that Jews are the richest religious group in the The states: Xl-vi of Jews earn more than $100,000 a year, compared to 19% among all Americans. Some other Gallup poll conducted this year found that 70% of American Jews enjoy "a high standard of living" compared to threescore% of the population and more than any other religious grouping.
Hollywood: Many Jews More than 100 of the 400 billionaires on Forbes' list of the wealthiest people in America are Jews. Six of the 20 leading venture majuscule funds in the US vest to Jews, co-ordinate to Forbes. Google founder Sergey Brin has a Jewish male parent, Facebook founder Marker Zuckerberg is Jewish, as is his deputy, David Fischer, the son of Bank of Israel Governor Stanley Fischer. The chairman of the Federal Reserve, Ben Shalom Bernanke, is Jewish likewise, equally is he predecessor, Alan Greenspan, and the Fed founder, Paul Warburg. Jews are well represented in Wall Street, Silicon Valley, the Usa Congress and Administration, Hollywood, TV networks and the American printing – way beyond their percentage in the population. The Usa is among the richest countries in the globe, making American Jews one of the wealthiest ethnic groups in the universe. Their success story is even more phenomenal considering the speed in which they became rich.
Only several 1000 Jews lived in the US upon its establishment on July 4, 1776, most of them Marrano and people who were exiled or escaped from Spain in favor of colonies in Due north America. In the mid 19th century, some 200,000 Jews immigrated to the United states of america, mostly from Germany and key Europe. Most of them were Reform Jews, well-established, who saw themselves as Germans and Americans more than equally Jews. They scattered beyond the continent and set businesses, from modest stores and factories to financial giants like Lehman Brothers and Goldman Sachs. The not bad wave of immigration began in 1882. Czarist Russian federation, which was dwelling to about half of the world's Jews, went through a failed industrial revolution and was on the verge of collapse, while the Jews living in small towns became impoverished and suffered from barbarous pogroms. Within 42 years, some 2 million Jews immigrated to the U.s.a. from Ukraine, western Russia, Poland, Republic of lithuania, Republic of belarus and Romania. They fabricated up 25% of the Jewish population in those countries, about 15% of the earth'due south Jews, and 10 times the number of Jews who immigrated to the Land of State of israel during that period. The US became the earth's biggest Jewish concentration. The mass immigration to Israel began in 1924, when the U.s. enacted tough laws which halted the immigration. The immigrants arrived in the US on crowded boats, and most of them were every bit poor as church building mice. Dr. Robert Rockaway, who studied that menses, wrote that fourscore% of Usa Jews were employed in manual work earlier Globe War I, near of them in material factories. Many workplaces were blocked to the Jews due to an anti-Semitic campaign led past industrialist Henry Ford. Most of them lived in crowded and filthy slums in New York – Brooklyn and the Lower East Side. Many films and books draw the earth established in those neighborhoods: Vibrant, but tough and brutal. In that location was a lively culture of cabarets and small Yiddish theaters, alongside a Jewish mafia with famous law-breaking bosses such as Meyer Lansky, Abner "Longie" Zwillman, and Louis "Lepke" Buchalter, who grew upward in the filthy alleys. Many of the Jews, who were socialists in Europe, became active in labor unions and in workers' strikes and protests. Many trade unions were established by Jews. The Jewish immigrants, however, emerged from poverty and made faster progress than whatever other group of immigrants. Co-ordinate to Rockaway, in the 1930s, about 20% of the Jewish men had free professions, double the charge per unit in the unabridged American population. Anti-Semitism weakened afterward World War Ii and the restrictions on hiring Jews were reduced and after canceled as part of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, thanks to the struggle of liberal activists, many of whom were Jews. In 1957, 75% of U.s.a. Jews were white-collar workers, compared to 35% of all white people in the The states; in 1970, 87% of Jewish men worked in clerical jobs, compared to 42% of all white people, and the Jews earned 72% more than than the general boilerplate. The only remnant of their poverty is that well-nigh of them still support a welfare policy and the Democratic Party.
As they became richer, Jews integrated into gild. They moved from the slums to the suburbs, abased Yiddish and adopted the clothes, culture, slang and dating and shopping habits of the non-Jewish aristocracy. Most Jews left religion when they immigrated to the U.s.a., only returned to it later on and joined Reform and Bourgeois communities, becoming more alike the Americans, about of whom are religious Christians. Alongside the Jews, millions of immigrants arrived in the US from Ireland, Italia, Prc and dozens of other countries. They too have settled downward since then, but the Jews succeeded more than anybody. Why? All the experts we asked said the reason was Jewish education. Jewish American educatee organization Hillel plant that 9 to 33% of students in leading universities in the US are Jewish.
"The Jewish tradition ever sanctified studying, and the Jews fabricated an attempt to study from the moment they arrived in American," says Danny Halperin, Israel's one-time economic attach̩ in Washington. "In addition, the Jews have a strong tradition of concern entrepreneurship. The Irish, for example, came from families of land workers with a unlike mentality, studies less and initiated less. "The Jews progressed because many areas were blocked to them," says Halperin. "Many Irish gaelic were integrated into the police force forcefulness, for example, and but few Jews. The Jews entered new fields in which there was demand for people with initiative. They didn't integrate into traditional cyberbanking, so they established the investment banking." "The picture palace industry was created from scratch in the 1930s, and the Jews basically took over it. To this day there are many Jewish names in the top echelon of Hollywood and the television networks. Later on, they took high-tech past tempest also Рsome other new industry requiring learning abilities."
"The Jews were the showtime people to undergo globalization," says Rebecca Caspi, senior vice president of the Jewish Federations of North America (JFNA). "They had a network of global connections way before other nations, and a strong and supportive community.
"The Jewish communal organization is considered a office model for all other ethnic groups. It helped the Jews everywhere and especially in the U.s., which was always more open than other countries and provided equal opportunities, while on the other paw –wasn't supportive of the private." How practise customs institutions assist people succeed in business organization?
"The common help allowed poor Jews to study. My family is an example of what happened to millions. My grandfather arrived in New York with two dollars in his pocket. He sold pencils, and and so pants and then other things, and in the meantime studied English language, High german and Castilian and established ties.
"He had v children, and the family had a pocket-sized shop in Brooklyn. They got help from the HIAS Jewish organization, which allowed them to study. They were so poor that they didn't take money for textbooks, so the siblings helped each other. My father was the youngest, and until he started university the four older siblings had already managed to settle downward, so they all helped him complete his medical studies." "The Jews had to excel in gild to survive," says Avia Spivak, a professor of economic and former Banking concern of Israel deputy governor. "I one time had a pupil of Russian descent, who told me that his parents said to him, 'You lot must be the all-time, because then you might get a small role.' "That was the situation of the Jews away, and in America too until the 1960s. The most prestigious universities didn't take in Jewish students, so they studied in colleges and got the all-time grades. When the bigotry disappeared, the Jews reached the summit." Is that why they succeeded in the US more than than in other places?
The discrimination lessened in most countries. I recollect Jews succeeded in America in particular considering capitalism is expert for the Jews. Jews have a tendency for entrepreneurship, they study more than and accept quick perception, know how to seize opportunities and have networking skills. A competitive environment gives Jews an advantage."
Is that the reason Israelis are not equally rich as American Jews?
"I think the 'Jewish genius' – which is not a genetic effect but a cultural issue – is expressed in Israel in other areas. The Jews in America arrived in a country with existing, stable and potent infrastructure. Here they had to build the entire infrastructure from scratch, under harsh atmospheric condition."
At that place is no dubiousness that American Jews' huge success helped Jews survive in Israel.
"The help is beyond the actual donations," says Caspi. "The federal aid arrives largely thank you to the Jewish pressure level. Israeli businesspeople use their connections in America to open markets and enhance funds, peculiarly for the venture capital industry." The American assist strengthens the connection between the two communities – which together make upward about 80% of the Jewish people – but also creates discomfort on both sides: The Americans view State of israel every bit a "shelter for a rainy twenty-four hour period" and feel committed to help the State, but some feel their money is being wasted due to wrong moves; the Israelis live in fearfulness of what will happen if and when the aid stops. The fright is increasing, with 1-third of US Jews marrying non-Jews and stating that they feel less connected to State of israel. "State of israel would accept been established and would take survived even without the American aid, but it would have been poorer," says Halperin. "There are areas, similar college education, in which the aid is critical – and if it suddenly disappears, things volition be hard."
Every time there are arguments between the Israeli government and Jews in America, Israeli and American public figures warn that "one twenty-four hour period they'll have enough and terminate donating." Can that happen?
"The scope of donations is decreasing in the past few years," says Halperin. "The Jews have a sense of belonging to the American lodge and give their donations to American organizations. They want to meet their names at a New York museum rather than at Jerusalem museum.
"As the Holocaust becomes more afar, the fear for Israel'due south being drops. In add-on, Israel is no longer perceived as a poor land. And the Americans take their own issues: The financial crisis and education in the U.s.a., which is becoming more and more than expensive. The donations will gradually drib, and may eventually disappear. "Merely it'southward hard for me to believe that the donations will disappear at once because of a political crisis. It looks similar our government is trying to make it happen with all its might, but fortunately, information technology tin can't even practise that."
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